WHAT IS Balkan leprosy ? Dnb Ent Question 2012, 2018.

Rhinoscleroma is also known as WOODY NOSE or Hebra Nose or Balkan leprosy

RHINOSCLEROMA

1. First described by Hebrew.
2. Termed by Von hebra.
3. Chronic granulomatous  disease  of nose.

Causative agents of Hebra Nose

Kliebseilla Rhinoscleromatis(Firsch bacilli –gram negative diplococci).

Sites of infection

1. Nasal cavity:- Inferior turbinate> middle turbinate> anterior wall of nasal septum.
2. Nasopharynx.
3. Oropharynx.
4. Larynx:- subglottic> glottis.
5. Trachea(cervical).
6. Bronchus

Stages of Disease

1. Catarrhal stage:- mucopurulent, foul  smelling discharge,occasionally blood tinged – CARPENTER’ S GLUE.
2. Atrophic  stage:- mucosal atrophy, crustations, pinkish mucosa, Honeycomb color crusting. Diagnosed by Immune Compliment fixation test- Levin test.
3. Grannulomatous stage/ nodular:- painless ,non tender,small granulomatous nodules,non ulcerating nodules:-Russel bodies, Mikulicz cells.
4. Cicatarisation/ sclerotic/fibrosis/stenosis stage:- Typical histological picture is granulomatous changes in submucosa- TAPIR Nose.

What are the Complications of General Anesthesia ? DNB ENT Question.

Respiratory problems

–– Trauma to airway, lips, tongue
–– Laryngeal edema

Tooth damage, mandibular dislocation
–– Sore throat
–– Atelectasis and chest infection

Cardiovascular problems

–– Hypercarbia, hypoxia
–– Hypo/hypervolemia
–– Myocardial ischemia/infarction
–– Bradycardia
–– Cardiac arrest

Neurological complications

–– Cerebral hypoperfusion
–– Cerebral depression due to anesthetic drugs
–– Postoperative delirium, confusion or amnesia
–– Anesthesia awareness

1. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), headache, shivering, dizziness
2. Drug allergy/ anaphylaxis
3. Acid-base and electrolyte imbalances.

Read Here - DnbMentors.com https://dnbmentors.com/kb/complications-of-general-anesthesia/

TOP 6 ACLAND’S VIDEOS OF HEAD AND NECK for DNB ENT OSCE

Acland’s Video Atlas of Human Anatomy is a series of anatomy lessons on video presented by Robert D. Acland. Dr. Acland was a professor of surgery in the division of plastic and reconstructive surgery at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. The Atlas was originally released as a series of VHS tapes, published individually between 1995 and 2003. The series was re-released in 2003 on DVD as Acland’s DVD Atlas of Human Anatomy.

“Each minute of the finished product took twelve hours to produce: five in creating the script, five in making the shots, and two in post-production.” – Dr. Robert D. Acland

Human Anatomy Head and Neck Part 1

What are Medical Ethics

What are Medical Ethics ?

Definition of Medical ethics

Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine.

Law and Ethics​1​

Law is an obligation on the part of society imposed by the competent authority, and noncompliance may lead to punishment in the form of monetary (fine) or imprisonment or both. There are two kinds of laws mainly, statutory law and judgment law.

“Ethics” is concerned with studying and/or building up a coherent set of “rules” or principles by which people ought to live. It is the social value which binds the society by uniform opinion/consideration and enables the society to decide what is wrong and what is right. It is the science of morale concerning principle of human duty in the society.

Four pillars of medical ethics​1​–

Autonomy: This is the right of the patient to make informed decisions on his own will.

Beneficience: The doctor should always act for the betterment or welfare of the patient.

Nonmaleficience: The doctor should not indulge in any action that can intentionally harm the patient.

Justice: Justice is a complex ethical principle with meanings that range from the fair treatment of individuals to the equitable allocation of healthcare finance and resources.

Read more at DnbMentors.com

30 ULTIMATE NEUROANATOMY VIDEOS

• Brain stem and Cranial nerves Neuroanatomy Videos
• Thalamus
• Brain stem Neuroanatomy Videos
• Brainstem pathways Neuroanatomy Videos
• Autonomic nervous system Neuroanatomy Video
• Limbic system Neuroanatomy Video
• Brain Circuitry Neuroanatomy Video
• Diencephalon mid brain Neuroanatomy Video
• Blood supply of brain Neuroanatomy Video
• Olfactory System Neuroanatomy Video
• Epithalamus Neuroanatomy Video
• Hypothalamus Neuroanatomy Video
• Basal ganglia Neuroanatomy Video
• Cerebral cortex Neuroanatomy Video
• Pons and Brainstem Neuroanatomy Video
• Visual Pathway Neuroanatomy Video
• Visual reflexes and Pharmacology of Eye Neuroanatomy
• Reticular Formation Neuroanatomy Video
• Eyeball and optic nerve Neuroanatomy Video
• Cerebellum Neuroanatomy Video
• Ear and Inner ear Neuroanatomy Video
• Trigeminal Nuclei Neuroanatomy Video
• Cerebellar Cortex Neuroanatomy Video
• Conjugate Gaze Palsy Neuroanatomy Video
• Neurohistology and cell types Neuroanatomy Video
• Mid brain
• Development of Nervous system
• View here
• https://dnbmentors.com/kb/30-ultimate-neuroanatomy-videos/
  

What are Medical Ethics

What are Medical Ethics ?

Definition of Medical ethics

Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine.

Law and Ethics​1​

Law is an obligation on the part of society imposed by the competent authority, and noncompliance may lead to punishment in the form of monetary (fine) or imprisonment or both. There are two kinds of laws mainly, statutory law and judgment law.

“Ethics” is concerned with studying and/or building up a coherent set of “rules” or principles by which people ought to live. It is the social value which binds the society by uniform opinion/consideration and enables the society to decide what is wrong and what is right. It is the science of morale concerning principle of human duty in the society.

Four pillars of medical ethics​1​–

Autonomy: This is the right of the patient to make informed decisions on his own will.

Beneficience: The doctor should always act for the betterment or welfare of the patient.

Nonmaleficience: The doctor should not indulge in any action that can intentionally harm the patient.

Justice: Justice is a complex ethical principle with meanings that range from the fair treatment of individuals to the equitable allocation of healthcare finance and resources.

Read more at DnbMentors.com

What are different Types of Biopsy ? DNB ENT OSCE Viva Question.

What are different Types of Biopsy ? DNB ENT OSCE Viva Question.

Biopsy is a procedure to obtain tissue for microscopical examination, usually to arrive at a diagnosis. Types of biopsy is given in following sections.

Skin biopsies are vital in dermatology to help in the correct diagnosis of different conditions and also to help with therapeutic preparation. Different skin biopsy strategies exist, consisting of shave, saucerization, curettage, snip, incisional and excisional biopsy. An excisional biopsy is defined by the procedure of completely eliminating a solitary skin lesion.

Indications for biopsy​1​

1. Any lesion or swelling in skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle or organs such as liver, lung, tongue, rectum, bone marrow, prostate, brain, kidney and almost all organs in the body before excision are meant for definitive diagnoses.
2. Any lesion suspicious of malignancy (Persistence of lesion or ulcer, sudden increase in size, change in character, color or consistency, bleeding to touch, becomes fixed to surrounding structures).
3. Precancerous lesions (Leukoplakia, etc.)
4. Inflammatory lesions: Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amyloidoses, vasculitis, etc.
5. Bone lesions not identified by clinical and radiographic findings
6. Nonhealing ulcers.

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Types of biopsy​1​

1. Aspiration biopsy cytology or fine needle aspiration cytology.
2. Trucut biopsy.
3. Incisional biopsy – wedge biopsy or punch biopsy
4. Excisional biopsy.

THYROID STORM DNB ENT Theory Question

Thyroid Storm is a rare, life-threatening condition of thyrotoxicosis, often precipitated by an acute event such as thyroid or nonthyroidal surgery, trauma, infection, an acute iodine load, or parturition.

The advent of appropriate preoperative preparation of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism has led to a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of surgically-induced thyroid storm.

Total T4 and T3 levels might be similar to those seen in uncomplicated patients, the free T4 and free T3 concentrations were higher in patients with thyroid storm.

Symptoms

– Tachycardia to rates that can exceed 140 beats/minute
– Congestive heart failure
– Hypotension
– Cardiac arrhythmia
– Hyperpyrexia to 104 to 106ºF is common
– Agitation, anxiety, delirium, psychosis, stupor or coma are also common and are considered by many to be essential to the diagnosis
–– Severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or hepatic failure with jaundice can also occur.

In 1993, Burch and Wartofsky​1​ introduced a scoring system using precise clinical criteria for the identification of thyroid storm. Many other criterias were also proposed but none of them is specific enough to be accepted in clinical practice.

Diagnosis: Total score of more than 45 is highly suggestive of thyroid storm, 25 to 44 supports the diagnosis, and less than 25 makes the diagnosis unlikely.​1–3​

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Aural Atresia - DNB ENT Theory Question

Aural Atresia - DNB ENT Theory Question

https://dnbmentors.com/kb/classify-aural-atresia-discuss-its-evaluation-and-treatment-2013/

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IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY DNB ENT Theory 2011, 2018

IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY - DNB ENT Theory Question 2011, 2018

https://dnbmentors.com/kb/impedance-audiometry-dnb-ent-2011-2018/

 #dnbmentors  #dnbent #dnbentosce #dnbenttheory #msentquestions #msenttheory

IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY DNB ENT Theory 2011, 2018

IMPEDANCE AUDIOMETRY - DNB ENT Theory Question 2011, 2018

https://dnbmentors.com/kb/impedance-audiometry-dnb-ent-2011-2018/

 #dnbmentors  #dnbent #dnbentosce #dnbenttheory #msentquestions #msenttheory

Aural Atresia - DNB ENT Theory Question

Aural Atresia - DNB ENT Theory Question

https://dnbmentors.com/kb/classify-aural-atresia-discuss-its-evaluation-and-treatment-2013/

 #dnbmentors  #dnbent #dnbentosce #dnbenttheory #msentquestions #msenttheory

N95

The basic principle of making material for high filtration efficiency masks (N95). Basically it is about using available materials. Non woven fabric used in multiple layers. Please forward to any textile maker in your circle. Read Paper here - http://tiny.cc/covidn95 #coronavirushelp #Coronavirusmask #covid19ppe #covidppe #ppe #n95masks #n95